What is Alzheimer's Disease?
As time passes, more and more brain cells are damaged, leading to worsening symptoms.
Because some of the changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease are similar to those of diabetes, some people refer to it as ‘type 3 diabetes’ but this is not an official diagnosis.
Who is at risk of Alzheimer’s disease?
Age is the biggest risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease. It affects one in 14 people over the age of 65, and one in six people over the age of 80.
However, it can also affect people under the age of 65 (this is known as young onset dementia).
Other risk factors include:
- smoking
- obesity
- diabetes
- high blood pressure
- high cholesterol levels
- hearing loss
- untreated depression
- loneliness and social isolation
- an inactive lifestyle
- a previous severe head injury
- a learning disability – people with Down’s syndrome in particular have an increased risk
Very rarely, Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a genetic fault that runs in families – but this accounts for fewer than 1% of all people diagnosed with the condition.
In the early stages, the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are often very mild. The most noticeable symptom is usually memory loss. The person might:
- forget recent events or conversations
- misplace items or put them in the wrong place (eg putting their keys in the fridge)
- forget appointments
- forget the names of people, objects or places
- struggle to find the right words
- repeat themselves
Other early symptoms may include:
- mood changes
- feeling unsettled by unfamiliar situations or changes in routine
- becoming withdrawn
- difficulty making decisions
Early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
In the early stages, the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are often very mild. The most noticeable symptom is usually memory loss. The person might:
- forget recent events or conversations
- misplace items or put them in the wrong place (eg putting their keys in the fridge)
- forget appointments
- forget the names of people, objects or places
- struggle to find the right words
- repeat themselves
Other early symptoms may include:
- mood changes
- feeling unsettled by unfamiliar situations or changes in routine
- becoming withdrawn
- difficulty making decisions
Symptoms of the middle stage of Alzheimer's disease
In the middle stages, symptoms may include:
- increasing confusion and disorientation, eg getting lost in familiar places
- delusions (believing things that are not true, eg that a family member is stealing from them)
- hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not real)
- obsessive or repetitive behaviours
- speech and language difficulties
- disturbed sleep
- difficulty with spatial awareness, eg judging speed and distance
Later symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
In the late stages, new symptoms may develop including:
- aggressive behaviour
- incontinence
- difficulty eating and swallowing
- loss of speech
- mobility problems
- weight loss
- becoming increasingly weak and frail
The GP is likely to carry out a short memory and concentration test. This may include:
- stating the day, date and year
- naming pictures of common objects, eg keys, kettle
- remembering and repeating a list of items
- completing a simple drawing, eg putting numbers on a clock face
Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease
It is important to see the GP if you notice signs of Alzheimer’s disease in yourself or a family member.
First, the GP will try to rule out any underlying physical or mental causes of the symptoms – many of which can be treated – such as:
- depression
- anxiety
- vitamin deficiency
- diabetes
- hormonal conditions
- menopause
The GP will ask about the person’s symptoms, when they started, how they affect their daily life, and their family medical history.
It is a good idea to keep a record of symptoms for a few weeks to show the GP.
It is also helpful for a family member or friend to go to the appointment with the person so they can talk about any changes they have seen.
The GP should also arrange blood tests, an ECG (a check of heart rhythm) and a head scan.
If other causes of the person’s symptoms are ruled out, the GP should refer them to a specialist memory clinic for more detailed assessments and further scans such as an MRI or CT scan to look for changes in the brain.
It may take several appointments and tests over a number of months to get a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.
Receiving a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease can be a relief for some people, as they have an explanation for what is happening to them and can access the support they need. For others, it can be upsetting and overwhelming.
Medication for Alzheimer's disease
There is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s disease. However, for some people, medication can improve the symptoms and slow its progression.
The main medications for Alzheimer’s disease are donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine, but they are only effective in the early to middle stages.
Another medication, called memantine, may be prescribed for moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease, or if the person cannot tolerate the other treatments.
The person’s specialist will monitor them as they get used to the medication. They will look for signs that it is working and watch for side effects.
Medication is not suitable for all people with Alzheimer’s disease – for example, people with heart problems may not be able to take it.
Other therapies for Alzheimer's disease
Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST): a programme of activities to improve memory, language skills and problem-solving. It often takes place in a group. The memory clinic can tell you if this is offered in your area.
Cognitive rehabilitation: this involves working with a specialist – usually an occupational therapist – to achieve specific tasks like using a mobile phone or cooking a meal. The aim is to get the parts of the brain that still work well to help the parts that do not.
Reminiscence and life story work: these activities focus on skills, achievements and memories, and can improve mood and wellbeing.
Reminiscence work involves the person talking to a family member, friend or professional about their past, often using prompts such as photos, music or favourite possessions.
Life story work involves compiling a record of the person’s past and present life. It helps carers and other professionals get to know more about them so they can support them better. You can use our life story template as a guide.
Common misconceptions
The misconceptions about getting a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease are:
- You have to stop driving immediately
- You have to give up work
- From the time of diagnosis, you have to be treated differently by friends and family
- You will immediately lose the ability to make decisions (loss of capacity)
- Someone else will have to manage your finances
- You will have memory problems
Practical tips for managing Alzheimer's disease
These tips may make living with Alzheimer’s disease easier.
- Find out about local dementia services like support groups, day centres and memory cafés
- Try to keep to a daily routine to provide familiarity and stability
- Help the person remain socially connected by continuing their current activities or trying new ones
- Ensure the person carries a form of identity with details of their diagnosis in case they are lost or need assistance outside the home – this could be sewn into a coat or bag
- A Sunflower lanyard from the Hidden Disabilities store or a similar badge/ID card can be helpful to alert members of the public that the person may need support
- Complete a Herbert Protocol form: a record of important information about the person that can help the police locate them if they go missing
- Look into assistive products that make daily living easier, such as medication organisers, dementia clocks and personal fall alarms
- Take a tour around the person’s home to identify possible hazards – find out how to making the home safe and comfortable.
- Request a Needs Assessment (for the person with dementia) and a Carer’s Assessment (for their carer) to establish what equipment and support is available
- Encourage the person to carry on with their daily activities as far as possible to help them maintain their skills
- Be realistic about your ability to care for the person – in the middle to late stages of Alzheimer’s disease, it may be necessary to use paid carers or consider a move into a care home
Sources of Support
To speak to a dementia specialist Admiral Nurse about Alzheimer’s disease or any other aspect of dementia, please call our Dementia Helpline on 0800 888 6678 (Monday-Friday 9am-9pm, Saturday and Sunday 9am-5pm), email helpline@dementiauk.org or you can book a phone or video call appointment with an Admiral Nurse.
Dementia UK resources
The information shared on this page has been supplied by Alzheimer's disease
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